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Selenium is a set of different software tools each with a different approach to supporting browser automation. These tools are highly flexible, allowing many options for locating and manipulating elements within a browser, and one of its key features is the support for automating multiple browser platforms. This package contains the .NET bindings for the concise and object-based Selenium WebDriver API, which uses native OS-level events to manipulate the browser, bypassing the JavaScript sandbox, and does not require the Selenium Server to automate the browser.
Last release 12 days ago
09 Sep 2026
Ships fairly regularly
a new release about every 5 weeks
Nearly every release is documented
notes for 60 of the last 60 stable releases
Nothing withdrawn
no release was ever pulled
15 years old
173 releases · first in 2011
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One column per quarter.
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Bump version to a better approximation of pi.
Additionally, the DesiredCapabilities class is now marked as deprecated and will generate a compile warning on its use.
Refactored .NET capability handling. This version introduces a large and
intrusive refactor of the .NET bindings' capability handling. It introduces
a new class, RemoteSessionSettings, for use with creating remote sessions
via RemoteWebDriver. Additionally, the DesiredCapabilities class is now
marked as deprecated and will generate a compile warning on its use.
Almost without exception, users should not be using DesiredCapabilities in .NET. The browser-specific options classes provide functionality for adding any additional capabilities that would need to be sent to a remote end. One possible exception is when using RemoteWebDriver to connect to a remote server implementation, where the ToCapabilites method has been called, but the user wants to add additional capabilities, even though they could and should have been added before calling the method. In a future release, calling ToCapabilities will result in a read-only capabilities object, but recognizing that many users already have existing code that does this, moving immediately to make the returned object read-only is premature. For the moment, then, the SetCapabilty method is now marked as deprecated on DesiredCapabilities. In the next version of the .NET bindings, the return from ToCapabilities will be changed to return a read-only object.
The RemoteSessionSettings class is designed for use cases where the user wants to create a remote session using RemoteWebDriver where all of the nodes in the session creation support the W3C WebDriver Specification dialect of the wire protocol. This class is designed to be used in conjunction with the browser-specific driver options classes for matching capabilities on the remote end.
For single-browser cases, it is still possible (though unnecessary) to
use a browser-specific driver options class (ChromeOptions,
FirefoxOptions, etc.) by calling the ToCapabilities() method, but as
previously mentioned, in the future, the capabilities returned will be
read-only, and will not be able to be added to. Users who feel the need
to modify the options class after converting to capabilities are encouraged
to add the additional capabilities to the options class before the conversion
by appropriate use of the AddAdditionalCapability method.
Exposed additional extension points to better control HTTP communications between the language bindings and the remote end implementation. For the .NET implementation of HttpCommandExecutor, we now expose a Proxy property for proxying requests between the .NET code and the remote end WebDriver implementation. Note carefully that this is entirely separate from the proxy used by the browser for monitoring communications between the browser and the server hosting the page being automated.
Additionally, this change exposes the IsKeepAliveEnabled property to make it easier to set whether or not the "keep alive" header is sent when communicating between the language bindings and the remote end WebDriver implementation.
Finally, for local use, the DriverServiceCommandExecutor now exposes a property to allow the user to set tho newly-exposed properties by allowing access to the internal HttpCommandExecutor of the driver service.
Added a workaround for Safari Tech Preview to send the proper browser name to the driver.
Added type-safe properties for Safari capabilities in .NET SafariOptions.
Marked .NET hardware manipulation interfaces deprecated. The Mouse
Keyboard, and TouchScreen properties were never intended for direct
use in users' code. These interfaces, and the properties that reference
them, are now being marked as deprecated. The correct way to simulate
advanced user input is to use the Actions or ActionBuilder classes.
Removed long-deprecated local PhantomJS support from .NET, as well as other deprecated code.
Updated to fully remove use of internal CreateElement method in favor of a factory object.
(on behalf of Jake Durand) Replaced Chrome with Firefox in .NET documentation comments.
null to the empty string. This
is incorrect. If no element is specified in the move (for non-spec-compliant
driver), omit the ID altogether.Updated .NET escaping of CSS selectors for the find-by-ID and find-by-name cases. This is especially important for drivers that adhere to the W3C WebD
The previous event and event args are marked as deprecated for removal in a future release, and the previously named event is now a no-op, and will ne…
SendingReomteHttpRequest and
SendingRemoteHttpRequestEventArgs, respectively. The previous event and
event args are marked as deprecated for removal in a future release, and
the previously named event is now a no-op, and will never be fired, even
if a handler is attached.Reverted change of ICommandExecutor interface to extend IDisposable. This change will reappear at some point. Downstream projects will need to impleme
public void Dispose() method on any classes that implement
ICommandExecutor to prevent breaking when this interface change is added
again. Fixes issue #5768.Added option to tell ChromeDriver to use the W3C WebDriver protocol dialect instead of the legacy open-source dialect.
Added option to tell ChromeDriver to use the W3C WebDriver protocol dialect instead of the legacy open-source dialect.
(on behalf of Phillip Haydon) Updated doc strings for FirefoxDriver to no longer refer to ChromeDriver
Corrected remote URL for IWebElement.GetScreenshot() method.
Made ICommandExecutor interface extend IDisposable.
Fixed serialization of proxy autoconfig URLs. Fixes issue #5050.
Reverted .NET bindings to send spec-compliant new session for all browsers. Now that the Java remote server will correctly handle spec-compliant new session payload, even for browsers that are not yet spec-compliant, we can revert to the original behavior of sending both "capabilities" and "desiredCapabilities" properties with new session requests. Reverts commit 4ce57f6.
Modified to guard against assembly location being empty. When looking for supporting files on disk, the bindings look in the "current working directory" where the assembly is written. However, if the assembly has been embedded in an executable as a resource, and extracted into memory at runtime, the location will be blank. This commit prevents the exception being thrown, at the expense of possibly looking in the wrong directory.
Added locking for lazy-load of static dictionary. When running in parallel, there is a chance that multiple threads could attempt to populate a static dictionary used for translating error codes. This commit adds locking around the initialization of the static dictionary. Note that we are not using "double-check" locking, but the locking we use should be good enough. Fixes issue #3166.
(On behalf of John Chen) Fixed ChromeDriver NetworkConditions setter. The JSON object generated by the .NET version of ChromeDriver NetworkConditions setter had incorrect format, and was rejected by ChromeDriver.
Added sending a user-agent string for .NET remote HTTP requests to a remote end (Java standalone server, IEDriverServer.exe, chromedriver.exe, geckodriver.exe, etc.). Addresses #5657 for .NET.
Fixed .NET ChromeDriver network conditions commands URLs. Fixes issue #5693.
Added BeforeRemoteHttpRequest event to .NET RemoteWebDriver. This commit adds the ability for advanced users of the .NET bindings RemoteWebDriver class to modify the HTTP command sent from the .NET WebDriver code to the remote WebDriver server. Note carefully that this DOES NOT modify the HTTP request between the browser and the web server, and is not a mechanism for getting access to that HTTP request. Usage of this new event would look something like this:
public void StartDriver() { HttpCommandExecutor executor = new HttpCommandExecutor( new Url("http://localhost:4444/wd/hub"), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60)); executor.BeforeRemoteHttpRequest += BeforeRemoteHttpRequestHandler; ICapabilities capabilities = new ChromeOptions().ToCapabilities(); IWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(executor, capabilities); }
public void BeforeRemoteHttpRequestHandler( object sender, BeforeRemoteHttpRequestEventArgs e) { // Note: WebRequest.DefaultWebProxy is an IWebProxy implementation. // This could be anything, from adding additional headers, to modifying // the content of the request. Use with extreme caution. e.Request.Proxy = WebRequest.DefaultWebProxy; e.Request.AutomaticDecompression = DecompressionMethods.GZip }
(On behalf of Samuel Bétrisey) Add support for Basic Access Authentication in .NET RemoteWebDriver. The username and password of the Uri wasn't used by the HttpWebRequest. Usage example:
new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("http://user:pass@example.com/wd/hub"), DesiredCapabilities.Chrome());
(On behalf of "granak") Null cookie value fix. Cookies with empty string values would throw exceptions.
Enabled reconstitution of .NET FirefoxOptions from raw capabilities. This is a temporary measure until DesiredCapabilities is done away with for good. Fixes issue #4855.
Modified to write screenshots using the Save overload that takes a System.IO.FileStream object. Rather than using the Image.Save overload that takes a string containing the file name, we should use a FileStream. The FileStream object handles validating the existence of the path to which one is attempting to write, so this will avoid the cryptic GDI+ error that occurs if the file already exists. Additionally, the SaveAsFile method now does what it says on the tin, that the file will be overwritten if it already exists. Fixes issue #4645.
(On behalf of Sean Rand) Added overload argument to the SelectElement.SelectByText method. The XML summary informs that the method provides partial match ability on the options by Text. However this wasn't fully implemented so pushed the ability via a boolean to perform such a partial match on an options list. Fixes issue #3575.
(On behalf of Sean Rand) Added test playlists for each .NET test project in the repo. This is to help aid running of all tests in a specific project. Originally, this was intended to simply add a playlist for the support tests but adding playlists for all of the test projects is a better approach. Fixes issue #3805.
(On behalf of Arnon Axelrod) Added the new value of the element to the ElementValueChanged and ElementValueChanging event args. This commit also creates a new overload of OnElementChanging and OnElementChanged but also keeps the original overloads to preserve backward compatibility. Additionally, the original overloads are marked with the [Obsolete] attribute to let users know they should migrate to the new overloads.
Fixed proxy bypass address serialization for legacy .NET drivers. The W3C WebDriver Specification states that the list of addresses to bypass in a proxy configuration should be an array. The legacy OSS dialect of the protocol specifies it must be a string. This commit fixes the serialization for the non-spec-compliant case, serializing it as a semicolon-separated list. Fixes issue #5645.
Updating .NET to not propagate non-W3C compliant capability names. Fixes issue #5646.
Added new property for geckodriver --jsdebugger command line switch to FirefoxDriverService object.
(On behalf of Christopher Buttkus) Added LeftShift, LeftAlt, LeftControl, Command, and Meta as KeyDown/Up events for .NET
(On behalf of "vflame") Added ability to install Firefox addon using manifest.json. Firefox addons/extensions built with WebExtensions API have a manifest.json instead of install.rdf. When Selenium extract the addon/ extension id, it only looked for install.rdf. This fix adds extracting the addon/extension id from the manifest.json in addition to install.rdf. Fixes issue #4093.
(On behalf of Yevgeniy Shunevych) Fixed AddEncodedExtension methods of ChromeOptions and OperaOptions
Updated .NET strong-named assembly build to correct package references. Fixes issue #5511.
Updated WebDriverBackedSelenium .csproj file to embed resources. This step was omitted when the build process for the .NET bindings was migrated from crazy-fun to Buck. Fixes issue #5528.
Streamlined Actions class. The Actions class will now throw an exception on instantiation if the IWebDriver instance passed into the constructor does not also implement IActionExecutor. This will help folks who wrap the standard WebDriver driver classes to be able to continue to work with the Actions class.
Added support for intercepted element clicks. This adds a new exception, ElementClickInterceptedException to indicate when an element is obscured by a
ElementClickInterceptedException to indicate when an element is obscured
by another element. This allows users to distinguish between different
causes of elements not being clickable.SeleniumExtras.ExpectedConditions. This implementation
will be removed from the .NET language bindings in a future releaseSeleniumExtras.PageFactory. The implementation will be removedAdditionally, the property setting the preference has been deprecated, and will generate a compile-time warning. The property will be removed in a fut…
Updated build process and packaging to correctly distribute strongly- named releases. Fixes issue #5254 (for real, this time). No functional changes w
Added commands to get and set network conditions for Chrome in .NET. To get or set the network conditions, use the NetworkConditions property of the C
NetworkConditions property
of the ChromeDriver object. This property gets or sets a
ChromeNetworkConditions object which contains the proper values. Fixes
issue #5338.dotnet
build tools instead of calling the C# compiler directly, the creation of
strong-named assemblies was broken with incorrect references being created.
This commit fixes that problem. Fixes issue #5254.This also removes some obsolete API entry points that have been marked as deprecated for some months now. The properties of the ITimeouts object shoul…
Made .NET Interactions device classes public. Fixes issue #3989.
Removed internal use of deprecated construct in .NET bindings.
Changed .NET ChromeOptions to use "goog:chromeOptions" as property name. This aligns with current chromedriver.exe expectations as well as with the W3
Deprecated the static methods on the DesiredCapabilities class's methods for specific browsers in .NET. For over a year, the guidance for .NET users h…
ToCapabilities method on the options
object.(on behalf of Matthew Lymer) Fixing the parsing of logging levels to match the values in the LogLevel enum. Fixes issue #4121.
Exposed new Interactions framework. This release introduces a new Interactions framework using the ActionBuilder class for creating advanced user inte
UseLegacyImplementation = true in the FirefoxOptions passed
to the constructor and not be forced to have a copy of geckodriver
available. Fixes issue #3597.Fixed error return values from W3C spec-compliant remote ends
The RC API still exists as part of WebDriverBackedSelenium, but is still marked as deprecated.
…to use WebDriver proper. Selenium RC has been deprecated for over six years, and the .NET Selenium RC language bindings have not been updated with a c…
Updated build process to include atoms resources in strong-named assemblies. Fixes issue #3137.
Marked InternetExplorerDriverService.Implementation property as deprecated. The Microsoft (vendor) implementation is no longer maintained and will not…
Modified to use automation atoms for getAttribute and isDisplayed in .NET for W3C remote ends
Updated GetAttribute shim for GetAttribute method for W3C protocol remote ends.
Constructors of FirefoxDriver directly referencing FirefoxProfile or FirefoxBinary have been marked as deprecated, and will be removed in a future rel…
Nothing published for this version
This will be the final full release in the 2.x series. There may be small point releases going forward, but future development will concentrate on 3.0
Updated Firefox driver to include ability to disable overlapping element check. This includes a new constant for the name of the capability.
Updated Firefox driver which includes fixes for the clicking in overlapped elements. In keeping with project support policy for Firefox, This driver h
Changed ChromeOptions to have correct EnableMobileEmulation API.
Removed deprecated PageFactory code.
Updated .NET PageFactory to allow frame switching with located elements. Previously, if you located a or element using the PageFactory attributes, you
<frame> or <iframe> element using the
PageFactory attributes, you could not switch to it. This change allows one
to use driver.SwitchTo().Frame(element) with the element found via the
PageFactory.Release containing fix to Firefox driver bug when clearing input fields of type number.
Various updates in communicating with remote ends using the W3C dialect of the JSON wire protocol.
Supports native events for Firefox version 31 (immediately previous ESR). Native event support has been discontinued for versions of Firefox later tha
Supports native events for Firefox version 31 (immediately previous ESR). Native event support has been discontinued for versions of Firefox later tha
Finally, this commit also introduces a breaking change in IElementLocatorFactory. Developers of classes that implement this interface will now be requ…
Supports native events for Firefox version 31 (immediately previous ESR). Native event support has been discontinued for versions of Firefox later than 33. Synthetic events tested on Firefox versions 31 (immediately previous ESR), 37 (immediately previous release), and 38 (current release, and current ESR).
(on behalf of Darrin Cherry) Modified ExpectedConditions class to more closely mimic the one provided by Java.
Added ToString override to Platform class. Fixes issue #580.
Removed Firefox profile cleaning step when launching Firefox. Firefox used to require launching to clean up potential issues with the anonymous temporary profile that we use with the driver. This is no longer the case.
Added type safe support to InternetExplorerOptions for page load strategy.
Added ability to get wrapped IWebElement from SelectElement. When using a SelectElement wrapper class to manipulate <select> elements, the user previously had to keep a separate reference to the IWebElement representing the actual element. The SelectElement class now implements IWrapsElement, exposing the WrappedElement property, which gives the user the ability to access the underlying IWebElement. Fixes issue #350.
(on behalf of clz.livio) Added additional PhantomJS command-line options. Added the ProxyAuthorization property and SslCertificatesPath property to the PhantomJSDriverSerivce class. These translate to the --proxy-auth and --ssl-certificates-path command line options on PhantomJS respectively.
(on behalf of clz.livio) Improved DriverService to check response on startup. A driver using a driver service will now throw a WebDriverException if it cannot start the driver service, or if the service executable returns an invalid response. Note that the checks for the validation of the responses is minimal, checking for the Content-Type header and that the response code is a 200.
(on behalf of Sergey Tikhomirov) Refactored PageFactory implementation, including a number of changes to make it more extensible and more robust.
First, instead of the hand-rolled proxy classes that had been used previously, this refactor introduces proxy objects based on System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RealProxy, which allows for more flexibility in the types of objects proxied.
Second, this refactor now allows users to provide their own implementation engines for examining attributes of Page Object classes and determining what course to take. To create a new implementation the user must provide an implementation of the IPageObjectMemberDecorator interface, which determines which attributes to examine fields and properties for, and how to create the proxy objects assigned to the members.
Third, this refactor introduces a new IElementLocator interface to Page Object implementations, and deprecates the IElementLocatorFactory interface. The IElementLocator interface is substantially similar to the now-deprecated IElementLocatorFactory, but requires implementations to provide a property to retrieve the ISearchContext implementation used to actually find elements. The implications of this change are that IElementLocator implementations will need to keep a reference to the IWebDriver or IWebElement they are using. Recommended practice is for this context to be passed in via a the IElementLocator implementation's constructor, and this technique is demonstrated in the source code to the two implementations provided in the regular .NET language bindings releases.
Finally, this commit also introduces a breaking change in IElementLocatorFactory. Developers of classes that implement this interface will now be required to implement the CreateLocator method, which will return a valid IElementLocator implementation. This is to prepare for the removal of the IElementLocatorFactory interface and its implementations in a future release.
Added FindsByAllAttribute to .NET PageFactory implementation. This allows the user to specify that an element must match the criteria of all of the FindsBy attributes a property or field is marked with in order to be found by the PageFactory. Previously, a class member marked with multiple FindsBy attributes would find an element matching any of the attributes' criteria. Because of the nature of this change, you cannot use FindsBySequence and FindsByAll on the same class member. Attempting to do so will result in an exception when InitElements is called.
(on behalf of Immanuel Hayden) Added support for ByAll, finding elements matching all locators.
(on behalf of Chris Block) Changed ExecuteJavaScript extension method for converting result, so that it now validates that the ExecuteJavaScript extension method will correctly detect if the script result is convertible to the generic type.
(on behalf of Yi Zeng) Added constructor overload which takes in single DriverService parameter. This pattern was already implemented in PhantomJSDriver, but not yet in ChromeDriver and InternetExplorerDriver.
Added ability to add custom wire protocol commands in .NET bindings. This allows projects that use a WebDriver-like JSON-over-HTTP wire protocol to add additional end points for their use. It does this by exposing (and renaming) a formerly internal method on the singleton CommandInfoRepository class. To add additional commands, one would call the TryAddCommand method, which is now public. Fixes Google Code issue #8594.
Added ability to handle W3C spec compliant element serialization.
(on behalf of Eberhard Beilharz) Made PhantomJS driver more cross-platform aware. On Linux the filesystem is case-sensitive and executables don't end with ".exe". This change modifies the PhantomJSDriver to search for "phantomjs" on Unix systems while keeping the filename "PhantomJS.exe" on Windows. This allows to use the default constructor of the PhantomJSDriver class on Linux. Previously using the default c'tor resulted in an error that "PhantomJS.exe" can't be found.
Supports native events for Firefox versions 31 (current ESR), and 24 (immediately previous ESR). Native event support has been discontinued for versio
Supports native events for Firefox versions 33 (current), 32 (immediately previous release), 31 (current ESR), and 24 (immediately previous ESR).
Point-release to correct version resources in .NET bindings assemblies. No functional changes.
Supports native events for Firefox versions 32 (current), 31 (immediately previous release and current ESR), and 24 (immediately previous ESR).
Supports native events for Firefox versions 32 (current), 31 (immediately previous release and current ESR), and 24 (immediately previous ESR).
Integrated the Microsoft Internet Explorer driver implementation into the .NET bindings. By setting the Implementation property of the .NET bindings' InternetExplorerDriverService class, the user can now force the driver to use the Microsoft implementation. Note that the default is to use the existing open-source implementation based on the Automation Atoms. Over time as the Microsoft implementation matures, this will be switched to use the Microsoft implementation, first by default, then exclusively.
To use the Microsoft implementation, the user must have the August 2014 updates to Internet Explorer installed through Windows Update, and must install the IE Web Driver Tool for Internet Explorer 11 download from Microsoft (http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=44069).
Added safe check for window.localStorage in .NET WebDriverBackedSelenium implementation. Patch provided by Timofey Vasenin.
Implemented pluggable element locator factories for .NET PageFactory. This change allows the user to specify a custom IElementLocatorFactory for locating elements when used with the PageFactory. This gives much more control over the algorithm used to locate elements, and allows the incorporation of things like retries or handling of specific exceptions.
Issue #7367: Set Json.NET to ignore dates when parsing response values.
Issue #7419: Added support for SwitchTo().ParentFrame() in .NET bindings. This brings the .NET bindings into parity with other languages.
Belatedly removed long-obsolete .NET tests for AndroidDriver.
Supports native events for Firefox versions 29 (current), 28 (immediately previous), 24 (current ESR), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
Removed deprecated AndroidDriver
Supports native events for Firefox versions 27 (current), 26 (immediately previous), 24 (current ESR), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
Deprecated .NET AndroidDriver class. Going forward, the recommended approach is to use a third-party implementation for Android, such as Selendroid (h…
Supports native events for Firefox versions 26 (current), 25 (immediately previous), 24 (current ESR), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
Deprecated .NET AndroidDriver class. Going forward, the recommended approach is to use a third-party implementation for Android, such as Selendroid (http://selendroid.io/) or Appium (http://appium.io/).
Added experimental IWebDriver extension methods to .NET support classes. This commit adds extension methods to IWebDriver, which can be used to reduce the amount of type casting that must be done to access functionality not provided by the base IWebDriver interface. The following methods were added:
These extension methods should be considered experimental. To use them requires a reference to WebDriver.Support.dll, and adding a using clause for OpenQA.Selenium.Support.Extensions.
Supports native events for Firefox versions 25 (current), 24 (immediately previous and current ESR), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
Supports native events for Firefox versions 24 (current and current ESR), 23 (immediately previous), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
Supports native events for Firefox versions 24 (current and current ESR), 23 (immediately previous), and 17 (immediately previous ESR)
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